The Power to Declare War Essay Example

The Power to Declare War Essay Example The Power to Declare War Essay The Power to Declare War Essay The Power to Declare War Ritwik Ravin Poltical Science Mrs. Mooney December 13, 2010 Ricky Ravin, Mrs. Mooney The Power to Declare War Congress and the president use their powers to check and balance each other. One power of Congress is the ability to declare war. However, Congress generally gives the president control during war time. Because of this, the president is able to acquire more power over the war while Congress can do little if they have already given their approval. After the Vietnam War, in which Presidents Johnson and Nixon continued to wage despite a divided Congress[i]; they decided that the Constitution did not warrant the president to have the power to declare war, so they passed the War Powers Resolution[ii]. While the War Powers Act was meant to explicitly limit presidential war powers, it is largely ignored by the president, who holds the power to send troops into combat. According to Section 2C of the War Powers Act, the constitution states that the president holds the right to send troops into combat only after: a Congressional declaration of war, a specific statutory authorization, or in a National emergency created by an attack on the United States. Since the president does not follow this statement, the War Powers Act attempts to curb some of the powers he has obtained that have been set by precedent. Under Section 3, the act states that if possible, the president must consult with Congress before sending troops into combat, and he must report to Congress regularly on the status of the war. Section 4 is more specific, it states that if troops are sent into war without a declaration, the president needs to report on: why it’s necessary, the constitutional authority under which such introduction took place, and the estimated duration of the war. Furthermore, it states that between sixty and ninety days after a report is submitted or is required to be submitted, the president must terminate use of troops unless Congress: declares war, authorizes use of the troops, extends the period, or cannot meet due to an attack on the United States[iii]. Prior to the War Powers Act, President Harry Truman, rather than seek Congressional declaration, used his constitutional power as commander in chief to commit troops to the Korean War. Congress had no say in whether this war would be fought. Along with this, the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon the power to â€Å"take all necessary measures †¦ to prevent further aggression[iv]. † This gave the presidents complete control over the war despite the Congresses eventual division, who could do nothing about it. These incidents caused Congress to decide that the Framers did not intend for the president to have this kind of war making power, so they passed the War Powers Act on November 7th, 1973, right after the Vietnam War. The War Powers Act was explicitly meant to limit presidential powers during war time, but it has failed to do so. The ninety day limit has never been followed and while 99 reports have been submitted to Congress because of the Resolution, the reports are simply to inform, rather than consult with Congress, after a planned action is already under way. During the presidential reign of Gerald Ford, the United States was involved with six military crises: the rescue of U. S. citizens and refugees in Vietnam after the war, the rescue of the Mayaguez, and two evacuation operations in Lebanon. The War Powers Act was not applied in any of these situations, and it’s relevancy in military rescue operations has been questioned. Also, in 1990, President George H. W. Bush committed 500,000 troops to Saudi Arabia in Operation Desert Storm. The troops were left there for longer than 60 days without Congressional approval, again defying the limits of the act. President Bill Clinton sent troops into Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, the Middle East, and Kosovo, all without Congressional approval. Clinton, like other presidents, believes that the president has the authority of Commander in Chief to send troops into combat. House Joint Resolution 114, passed on October 16th, 2002, gave a broad authorization to the President to use troops against Iraq to protect the national security of the United States. The plaintiffs argued in the Supreme Court case Doe vs. Bush and Rumfield, that a specific declaration was necessary for the president to use troops. The case was dismissed as it was believed that foreign policy is outside the jurisdiction of the courts and President Bush was allowed to wage this war without any Congressional Declaration. In fact, Congress has only declared five wars, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, and World War II. In these wars, the president has been the one who decided that war was necessary and asked Congress for a declaration. On the other hand, the president has waged over 100 conflicts without Congressional approval. The Constitution was left ambiguous by the framers when it came to war powers. They did not clearly state that the president could not send troops without a declaration of war, and they did not give Congress the final power to wage wars. Technically, Congress does have the final say on a war because they provide the money for the troops; but they have not used this power because the troops would be stranded without supplies. The framers left the Constitution ambiguous on war powers in order for it to be flexible for changing times[v]. Congress does not need to declare war for it to be fought, and the president has the final say in declaring war. Throughout history, Congress has let the president have complete control of wars while they focus on laws. The War Powers Act has attempted to restrict presidential powers, but it is largely ignored by latter presidents. Congress supports wars that are won even if undeclared, but they criticize the President if an undeclared war is lost. Congress is an important part of wartime with the supplying of troops, nevertheless, it is the President’s call whether to wage a war or not. Congress can declare war, but if the President does not send troops, then there is no war. As Commander in Chief, it is the president who can truly declare war. Bibliography National Constitution Center. â€Å"War Making – Executive and Legislative Powers – Educational Resources. † National Constitution Center. http://constitutioncenter. org/ncc_edu_War_Making_Executive_and_Legislative_Powers. aspx (accessed December 9, 2010) Washington Post. â€Å"War Powers Act Timeline. † Washington Post. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/onpolitics/articles/timeline_politics1. html (accessed December 9, 2010) Williams, Charles F. â€Å"War Powers: A New Chapter in a Continuing Debate. † Social Education 67 (April 2003): 128, 131-132 Yale Law School. â€Å"Avalon Project – War Powers Resolution. † Yale Law School. http://avalon. law. yale. edu/20th_century/warpower. asp (accessed December 9, 2010) [i] Washington Post, â€Å"War Powers Act Timeline,† Washington Post, ashingtonpost. com/wp-srv/onpolitics/articles/timeline_politics1. html. [ii] Ibid. [iii] Yale Law School. â€Å"Avalon Project – War Powers Resolution. † Yale Law School. http://avalon. law. yale. edu/20th_century/warpower. asp (accessed December 9, 2010) [iv] National Constitution Center, â€Å"War Making – Executive and Legislative Powers – Educational Resources,† National Constitution Cent er. [v] Charles F. Williams, â€Å"War Powers: A New Chapter in a Continuing Debate,† Social Education 67 (April 2003): 128, 131-132.

Module 6 DQ1 and 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 6 DQ1 and 2 - Article Example Such things as antivirus software and password or smart card logons help facilitate this. Data redundancy is backing up necessary computerized information so that it is available elsewhere in the event of a disaster. Most use what is known as a COOP site, an offsite storage area that is reasonably safe from fire, flood, and a myriad of other problems. Because mechanical items fail, data redundancy also can refer to having extra servers and computer equipment available so that the facility can continue to operate (IAHSS 2012). After the devastating effects on healthcare caused by Hurricanes Sandy and Katrina, those administrators would probably agree with this author that redundancy is the most important of the three areas discussed in this paper. HIPAA 1996 and its successor, PPACA 2009 (Obama Care) do tend to place what appears to be a rather large burden on healthcare providers concerning privacy (HHS 2013). However, as described above, the laws as written attempt to help keep providers and patients alike comfortable in the knowledge that necessary personal information (such as social security numbers) is not released to the public, as was the case with the VA employee who lost thousands of SSN’s. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides a list of what it refers to as "identifiable patient information†. Although the law allows the use of the information for clinical use, the Act entails strict privacy rules that must be adhered to (HHS 2013). It specifically disallows release of such information, except in those particular circumstances as outlined. This includes what HIPAA refers to as â€Å"demographic† information as that is defined as those statistics or characteristics that define a certain segment of the population. Such items as name, address, Social Security Number, and date of birth are specified, as well as

Geology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Geology - Essay Example Similarly, the Heilbrunn Cosmic Pathway is another wonder to be marvelled at in the way markers signify that each path implies a billion years of expedition. Every vital piece of information concerning the Milky Way Galaxy including elliptical galaxies, galactic disks, and initial generation of stars among others is quite fascinating. Our journey along the Pathway is comparable to a journey down the astronomical history of objects that were essential in the creation of the solar system. We learned that the light coming from such objects would have to travel billions of years prior to being seen by our naked eyes. In the Hall of Minerals, everyone was further astounded by bearing witness to several minerals which may consist of a single element or a range of elements in combination. I was specifically enthralled by the Patricia Emerald which was found to be a 632-carat rare uncut gem. It is perhaps with its illuminating effect of green at varying light shades that enabled me to feel a mixed sense of awe and calm at the time. Altogether, the collection of stones makes an impressive scene of priceless treasures to behold. Upon arrival at the Hall of Human Origins, we discovered certain facts that have not been encountered yet in the class. It is such a delightful learning experience to have come to find out that human evolution is truly a complex process across times. With the evolving species of mankind as demonstrated in the exhibit, I am inclined to adhere more to faith that God does exist though the theory of evolution is irreconcilable with the biblical accounts because the formation of human intelligence since the earliest human form and epoch has been a work in progress. While this developmental stages take place, one certainly could not help thinking of a possibility of an intervention by an all-knowing being

Leadership, Team Building and Communication at Apple Inc Essay

Leadership, Team Building and Communication at Apple Inc - Essay Example The essay "Leadership, Team Building and Communication at Apple Inc" overviews the leadership, team building and communication strategies at Apple Inc, one of the top organizations, which are involving many workers who work in different teams. As the time passes, many things and concepts are modified according to the situation. Same is the case with the leadership style and theories. Leadership theories are modified according to the need of the hour. Traditionally there were trait leadership model, behavioral leadership, and the situational leadership theories. Then there comes a difference in the thought pattern of leaders and the organizations. The contemporary theories include transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and the charismatic leadership. In the 21st century, there are many new concepts, which are emerging according to the situation and the issues, which any leader may face. This includes expansive leadership, emotional intelligence and the system thinking from the leader perspective. Different types of powers can be classified based on interpersonal communication. This interpersonal power actually assists people and very much helpful for the people who are in leadership positions. Expert power, legitimate power, referent power and the most important information power, these are all kinds of interpersonal powers which actually help any leader. When two or more persons work anywhere, in the form of a team or a group, then the occurrence of conflicts is a common matter of fact.

Benjamin Franklin and Henry David Thoreaus Religions Essay -- Frankli

Benjamin Franklin and Henry David Thoreau's Religions Benjamin Franklin and Henry David Thoreau are by no means religious in any traditional sense of the word. If, however, â€Å"religious† is taken to mean the â€Å"belief in any sort of supreme being...that obliges ethical or moral conduct†, then both Franklin and Thoreau fall into this category. Though the two are strikingly opposite in their manner and social interaction, they are both held to a religious and personal standard. Their individual spiritual beliefs, ethical codes, and their â€Å"quality of life†show that all of their actions and thoughts are held by themselves to a higher standard. Both men have specific beliefs about the existence of God and man’s place in the world. Franklin is a self-proscribed â€Å"deist†, one who believes in God but not church, because of its nature. His attitude was that man runs the church, it’s the beliefs that are important, the praising and honoring of God on a daily basis, not the institution. Throughout the Autobiography, he mentions his prayers and the fact that he enjoyed going to non-formal sermons. He also supported the church monetarily for the benefit of others. Thoreau did none of these things, but he was still a highly spiritual individual. He did not proscribe to any particular religion but did hold the belief in one supreme being who created the universe. He believed that one should have a true experience with the world according to how it was made and that man was endowed with common sense by the creator. He says that humans â€Å"no longer camp as for a night, but have settled down on earth and forgotten heaven†( Thoreau 25). This is why he believed societ... ...reets of Philadelphia. This is consistent with his religious views. Thoreau on the other hand was anti- machine, almost anti-society. He said that there are â€Å"a thousand [people] hacking at the branches of evil to one who is striking at the root† (Thoreau 51). He believed society would be better off not through inventions but if every individual took it upon themselves to find their own true path. Though differing, these two views express the same idea: leading humanity towards what is right. Regardless of their differences, Franklin and Thoreau are focused on a spiritual, humanist, non-shallow viewing of the world. Both don’t just do things because it is the thing to do or out of fear, but because of their beliefs. They feel obliged to a higher conduct because of their religious views of the world, whether â€Å"religious† or not.

Economic Malaysia Essay

The economy of Malaysia has expanded a lot in 2004, as in the following years, with a growth of 7.1 percent. At that time, GNI was at $ 117.1 billion and the GNI per capita at $ 4650. Malaysia’s economy continues to grow. In terms of purchasing power parity, the country was the twenty-ninth largest economy on the globe, having gross domestic product at $357.9 billion in 2007. Due to its continuous development in the industrial sector, Malaysia has one of the biggest living standards in Southeast Asia. RELATED ARTICLES THE 2008 ECONOMIC RECESSION AND ASIA E-Commerce Adoption By Malaysian Organizations Malaysian Culture The Implications Of Multiculturalism On Competition Law In Malaysia Malaysia has rich natural resources: palm oil, timber, tin, crude petroleum and rubber. Agriculture accounts for 12 per cent of the country’s GDP. 16 per cent of the working population is employed in the domain of agriculture. The most important crops are palm oil, cocoa and rubber, but also fruits and vegetables: coconuts, pineapples, rambutan, bananas and durian. The country cannot satisfy the population’s everyday need for rice, so Malaysia is forced to import it from the neighboring countries such as Vietnam or Thailand. Malaysia is the biggest producer of palm oil in the world; it produced 10 million metric tons of palm oil in 1999, most of which was exported. Malaysia is also a big exporter of rubber and wood: tropical logs, sawed tropical timber, hardwood. The manufacturing sector provides: furniture, office machines, electrical machines and appliances, clothing, footwear. International trade has a big role in the country’s economy, as it is one of the three countries controlling the Strait of Malacca. 48% of the country’s GDP is covered by the industrial sector: banking, telecommunications, tobacco, transportation, utilities. Bank Negara Malaysia regulates the financial sector in Malaysia. It licenses limits for foreign participation. In 2001, the central bank launched a Financial Sector Master Plan to recuperate the financial sector after the financial crisis in Asia, with an emphasis on Islamic Banks. Poverty is still a big issue to be solved. Urban poverty seems to have been neglected in the favor of rural poverty, because it is considered that only 2 percent of the urban population lives in poverty. Malaysia’s economy managed to sustain a fast economic development in the last thirty years. It has reduced poverty and provided a better environment for the ethnic groups in the country. The World Bank confirms the fact that growth was registered in all Malaysian sectors. Growth was continuous for 5 years mostly due to domestic consumption. The private investments led to a private sector, increasing the country’s economy. http://www.articlesbase.com/economics-articles/malaysian-economy-821769.html

Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter - 1230 Words

Nathaniel Hawthorne is an American novelist, who writes and focuses on sin, punishment, and atonement. However, he mainly focuses on the Puritan legacy. Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. From 1825-1837, Hawthorne perfected his writing and spent this time to help generate ideas for his novels and poems. One of the most well known novels by Nathaniel Hawthorne is â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.† The Scarlet Letter helped Hawthorne’s career to become one of the most successful of his time. The Scarlet Letter contained passion and strength that all of his other works lacked. However, before his death Hawthorne released one more novel and a collection of articles, â€Å"The Marble Faun and Our Old Home.† On May 18, while on a journey to Plymouth, New Hampshire with his dear friend Franklin Pierce, Hawthorne died in his sleep. Bloom once said about Hawthorne, â€Å"He was a beautiful, natural, original genius.† (Bloom, Nathaniel Hawthorne as a short story writer, 1). Hawthorne left behind a legacy of imagination and perception in the world of Literature. (Bloom, 1) When, you hear the name Nathaniel Hawthorne. What comes to mind? Most people would say he wrote, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.† While, others might say, he has a distinct way of writing his novels such as using things such as emblems in all of his novels. Nathaniel Hawthorne had a wide imagination. Hawthorne isn’t much like other poets or novelists of his time. He had a certain uniqueness to his stories that otherShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1187 Words   |  5 PagesPuritanism in Red Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter shows the early view of Puritanism by concentrating on sin, guilt, and its effects on society. Nathaniel Hawthorne conveyed a dark and romantic style of writing in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, impacting the society by focusing on the concepts of romanticism. The Scarlet Letter is considered a classic book and is still read today. 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