How Many Questions Can You Miss for a Perfect SAT Score

What number of Questions Can You Miss for a Perfect SAT Score SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Consistently around 500 understudies get an ideal score on the SAT. What number of inquiries would you be able to get off-base and still be among this first class gathering? Discover here in a total breakdown ofthe Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing segments across eight authority SAT practice tests. How Is the SAT Scored? To see what number of inquiries you can get off-base and still accomplish an ideal 1600, you have to see how the test is scored. I'll give a short synopsis here, yet in case you're keen on more insights concerning the scoring procedure, look at ourguide onhow to compute SAT score. For the entire test, you get one point for right answers, and you get zero focuses for an off-base answer and questions skipped. Since you’re not punished for wrong answers, skipping or addressing an inquiry mistakenly brings about a similar score. NOTE:The paper isn't figured into your composite SAT score (400-1600 scale), so I won't talk about it further in this article. Be that as it may, for more data on the new SAT article, read our other guide. To figure your Math area, you start by computing a crude score, which is essentially the quantity of inquiries addressed accurately (in the event that you addressed 50 effectively, your crude score is 50). For the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing segment, you start by ascertaining two crude scores: one for the Reading segment and one for the Writing and Language partition. Similarly as in the Math segment, the crude scores are only the quantity of inquiries addressed accurately. For the two segments, every crude score is then changed over into a scaled score - the specific transformation shifts by test date. Be that as it may, the College Board gives this model graph intheir SAT practice testas a gauge: We should experience how the scoring functions for each area in more depth.For Math, the crude to scaled score change is basic. Let’s state you miss two inquiries (you got 56 right out of 58 inquiries); your crude score will be a 56. You at that point locate the comparing scaled score for Math on the diagram, which is 790. Your Math segment score would be a 790. For Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, the change is somewhat more confounded since you get two crude scores. In the event that you missed three inquiries in Reading (got 49 of 52 right), your crude score would be 49. On the off chance that you missed ten inquiries in Writing (got 34 of 44 right), your crude score would be 34. You at that point locate the relating scaled score for every one of those areas: Perusing: 49 inquiries right = 38 scaled score Composing: 34 inquiries right = 32 scaled score Next, you include the two separate scaled scores and increase by 10 to get your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing segment score. (38 + 32) x 10 = 70 x 10 =700 Your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing segment score would be 700.Now let’s return to the first inquiry. Precisely How Many Questions Can You Get Wrong or Skip and Still Get a 1600? Since the scores on the individual segments are basically included to make your composite SAT score, you have to score 800 on the two areas (Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing) to get a score of 1600. In the outline beneath, I have examined eight authority SAT score diagrams and decided the quantity of inquiries you can get off-base or skip on each piece of the test for a 800 in the segment. These official practice SAT were composed by similar individuals who compose genuine SATs. This implies they're an extraordinary asset for examination since you can be certain they'll be fundamentally the same as the SAT you take on test day. NOTE: Since you’re not punished for wrong answers, skipping versus responding to an inquiry erroneously brings about a similar score. Number of Questions You Can Get Wrong in Each Section and Still Get a Perfect Score Math Perusing Composing All out Test 1 0 1 0 1 Test 2 0 0 0 0 Test 3 0 1 0 1 Test 4 1 0 0 1 Test 5 0 0 1 1 Test 6 0 1 0 1 Test 7 0 0 0 0 Test 8 1 0 0 1 Normally, to get a 800 in Math, you can't miss any inquiries since you have to get a crude score of 58 (out of 58 inquiries). Sometimes, a SAT will permit you to find one wrong solution in Math as should be obvious on Tests 4 and 8. In any case, I would not depend on that, as it isn't the standard. In case you're focusing on 1600, take a stab at flawlessness in Math. To get a 800 in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, you can't get any inquiries wrong on the Writing and Reading divides. Every so often, a SAT will permit you to misunderstand one or to skirt one as should be obvious on Tests 1, 3 and 5 for the Reading segment, or Test 5 for the Writing area. Notwithstanding, likewise with Math, that isn't the standard. In case you're focusing on 1600, get ready to misunderstand zero in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing. By and large, on the SAT, you should plan to get no inquiries wrong on the off chance that you need an ideal score.This is no simple accomplishment, yet it is conceivable. All things considered, around 500 understudies do it every year! I don't get This' meaning If You'reTrying to Get a 1600? You have to ensure that you can complete the whole test in the assigned time since you can't bear to skip or miss any inquiries. For Math, you should be essentially great. You can see, through my examination, on six out of eight Math areas, you can't get any inquiries wrong on the off chance that you need a 800. For Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, you additionally should be essentially great. On three out of eight Reading divides, you could misunderstand one and still get 800, however you can’t depend on having that chance. On seven out of eight Writing areas, you can't get any inquiries wrong on the off chance that you need a 800. What's Next? Attempting to get an ideal SAT score? You should look at our SAT investigation manage. Taking the SAT soon and need to improve your score in a rush? Peruse our SAT packing guide. Focusing on the Ivy League? Peruse our manual for getting in! Need to improve your SAT score by 160? Look at our top tier online SAT prep classes. We ensure your cash back in the event that you don't improve your SAT score by at least 160. Our classes are altogether on the web, and they're instructed by SAT specialists. On the off chance that you preferred this article, you'll love our classes. Alongside master drove classes, you'll get customized schoolwork with a huge number of training issues sorted out by singular abilities so you learn most successfully. We'll likewise give you a bit by bit, custom program to follow so you'll never be confounded about what to concentrate straightaway. Attempt it chance free today:

Organisational Design & analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Authoritative Design and examination - Case Study Example Associations in this way will in general endeavor at creating more prominent interests just as an incentive to the clients with the end goal of successfully controlling the interior business exercises and acquire serious advantages recognized in the outside business condition. In addition, it tends to be seen that the advertisers additionally center after assessing distinctive strong components and methodologies so as to upgrade the degree of acquiring better control of the hierarchical systems alongside achieving a serious situation in the wildly developing business condition (Stahl and Voigt, 2006). Underscoring the current marvel of intensity alongside changing patterns in the worldwide business condition, the essential target of this report is to show and examine significant issues looked by Google Inc. (Google) identifying with its hierarchical culture alongside its plan. The conversation of this report will likewise concentrate on recognizing the significant issues of Google th at the organization looked from the given contextual investigation and dissecting them through advocating diverse hypothetical points of view successfully. Brief Description of Google Inc. is broadly known for its fast change in the worldwide web based publicizing based industry. The organization is notable as one the main and ruling organizations having some expertise in overall web based items or administrations. The organization is fundamentally eminent for web based promoting alongside ‘search’ publicizing innovation which empowered it to achieve prevailing situation in the particular business. Google was set up by the pair named Sergey Brin and Larry Page in 1996 and was fused in 1998 (Google, 2013). Since its development in the worldwide web based processing business condition, it has been obviously seen that the organization has increased a transformational development through fusing a more extensive scope of spearheading items or administrations. Comparable to t he current day setting, Google will in general offer arrangement of items and administrations including on the web profitability programming, for example, email, office suites alongside other more extensive long range informal communication administrations. In addition, the association renders web perusing applications connected with photograph altering apparatuses and texting administrations that empower the organization to accomplish a predominant serious position. Furthermore, as indicated by the current situation, Google likewise offers compelling media transmission gadgets and online video sharing internet based life applications, for example, YouTube to its worldwide clients (Google, 2012). According to the hierarchical culture, it has been seen that Google will in general consolidate remarkable authoritative culture which makes the organization more serious than its opponents in the separate business. The association joins an excellent authoritative culture which essentially mirrors a sufficient stage that empowers the representatives to pick up their unbelievable information through developing, testing alongside chance taking activities. It has been obviously seen from the hierarchical procedure or configuration winning in Google that it will in general advance the inborn intensity of the laborers and wants to assemble a profitable workplace. Besides, the missteps of the workers having a place with Google are utilized as the essential component encouraging the organization to pick up its possibilities regarding

Global Growth Business and Environment Risk †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Global Growth Business and Environment Risk. Answer: Presentation: At the hour of working in the host nations, the business associations need to contemplate the business approaches of the host nation. Simultaneously, they have to build up their authoritative procedures in such a manner in this way, that they can coordinate the business arrangements of the host nations. This equivalent hypothesis is relevant for Acciona. Acciona is one of the significant business associations of Spain that includes in the turn of events and the board of different frameworks, water, sustainable power source and different administrations (acciona.com 2017). Acciona needs to agree to the business arrangements of the host nation while working in the host nation. According to the arrangement of Acciona, Acciona should be kept up an exacting approach on chance administration and returns at the hour of taking the new activities. It suggests that the business condition of Australia needs comes back from Acciona while limiting the hazard factors. This viewpoint will assist the organization with maintaining solid development in Australia advertise. Another significant effect of the strategies of Australia on Acciona is the reception of Integrated Management System (IMS) Policy by Acciona. This specific approach makes Acciona to concentrate on two of the main considerations; they are Sustainability and Continuous Improvements of the companys business exercises (acciona.com.au 2017). In such manner, it should be referenced that the arrangements of IMS is a crucial prerequisite for Acciona as the organization must conform to these strategies. Ther e are some particular standards in IMS arrangements. To begin with, it is required for Acciona to keep up the top nature of their works. It suggests that there is no extension for the trade off of value. Second, the Australian Government requests Acciona to conform to all the necessary enactments, guidelines and laws that are identified with ecological and Organizational Health and Safety (OHS) risks (acciona.com.au 2017). Along these lines, it very well may be speculated that the thought process of this standard is to improve the hierarchical exercises identified with these components. The third guideline is identified with the advancement of the way of life of coordinated administration identified with natural consideration and OHS exercises. These are the primary arrangements of Australia that have consequences for the business activities of Acciona. Notwithstanding, it should be referenced that there are numerous different arrangements of Australia that Acciona needs to agree to . In any case, the principle point of every one of these strategies is to get enhancements the organizations. Openings and Risk It should be referenced that Acciona needs to confront a few sorts of quandaries, difficulties, dangers and openings at an opportunity to work in Australia. They are talked about beneath: The major moral issue looked by Acciona is to consent to all the necessary natural and maintainability related guidelines while keeping up the necessary benefit level. Frequently, it gets hard for Acciona to keep up the ideal benefit level in the wake of conforming to all the guidelines. It has been seen that the support of the considerable number of guidelines diminishes the benefit level of the organizations as these guidelines confine a portion of the business exercises of Acciona. This can be considered as the significant problem of Acciona (arena.gov.au 2017). What's more, Acciona needs to manage a portion of the significant business dangers. The significant hazard factor is the impact of world financial strife on Australia. Because of this, Acciona needs to confront the hazard in regards to the vulnerability of important assets for their business activities. Aside from this, it should be referenced that the danger of less capital for activity is another significant angle. These are the significant dangers that Acciona needs to confront while working in Australia (arena.gov.au 2017). In any case, there are some acceptable business open doors for Acciona. As the individuals of Australia have gotten progressively cognizant about condition, they are concentrating on the reception of sustainable power source. This angle is making business open doors for Acciona. Likewise, Australia is resolved to build up the immediate utilize advertise for sustainable power source organizations. This is a positive sign for Acciona as it will make business open doors for Acciona. Aside from this, specialized progressions have diminishes the business expenses of Acciona. These are the significant open doors for Acciona (theconversation.com 2017). The significant test for Acciona is to confront the questionable economic situation of Australian sustainable power source as this specific market is yet is gone to its security. The following test is to confront the significant specialized issues of the business activities. It has been seen that a portion of these issues can't be understood in some cases. These are the significant difficulties looked by Acciona in Australia (theconversation.com 2017). Generally speaking, as indicated by the above investigation, in Australia, Acciona should be consented to the supportability and consistent enhancements arrangements of the nation. What's more, Acciona additionally needs to consent to the Organizational Health and Safety guidelines alongside other administrative guidelines. Accionas major moral predicament in Australia is to keep up high productivity while consenting to natural and maintainability guidelines. The significant hazard is the impact of world monetary midtown alongside dubious economic situation. References Acciona.com. (2017).ACCIONA to concentrate on chosen development openings and new markets in renewables and framework. [online] Available at: https://www.acciona.com/pressroom/news/2017/may/acciona-center chosen development openings new-markets-renewables-framework/[Accessed 30 Sep. 2017]. Acciona.com.au. (2017).About us | ACCIONA Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.acciona.com.au/about-us/[Accessed 30 Sep. 2017]. Acciona.com.au. (2017).IMS Policy. [online] Available at: https://www.acciona.com.au/manageability/ims-approach/[Accessed 30 Sep. 2017]. arena.gov.au/. (2017).LOOKING FORWARD: BARRIERS, RISKS AND REWARDS OF THE AUSTRALIAN GEOTHERMAL SECTOR TO 2020 AND 2030. [online] Available at: https://arena.gov.au/resources/2014/07/ARENA-IGEG-principle report.pdf [Accessed 30 Sep. 2017]. The Conversation. (2017).2017 will be a major year for Australia's vitality framework: this is what to pay special mind to. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/2017-will-be-a-major year-for-australias-vitality framework heres-what-to-pay special mind to 71703 [Accessed 30 Sep. 2017]. The Conversation. (2017).Australia's vitality segment is in basic need of change. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/australias-vitality division is-in-basic need-of-change 61802 [Accessed 30 Sep. 2017].

Biography on Antoine Watteau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life story on Antoine Watteau - Essay Example He couldn't coexist well with Metayer and wound up working in a manufacturing plant painting reverential pictures, he didn't have a decision then since he was at that point starving and needed to forfeit his craft. In this way, as right on time as 18 years of his life, Watteau started to make duplicates of Flemish and Dutch type works of art which came about to the advancement of his procedure described as sketchlike. Following a time of working at Pont Notre Dame, he turned into a right hand to the painter Claude Gilllot whose canvases portrayed fanciful scene. Gillot was a decent coach since his student outperformed him in prevalence and built up their own procedure. The primary commitment of Gillot to Watteau was his relationship with character s of commedia dell’arte which intensely affected Watteau’s works later in his life. Another coach in Watteau’s life is a Flemish inside decorator named Claude Andran III. By calling, Adran was the custodian of Palais de Luxembourg. This permitted Watteau to see the popular canvases made by Pater Paul Rubens for Queen Marie de Medici. In his life as a craftsman, Watteau experienced frustrations particularly when he was precluded by the Academy to get Prix de Rome. He accepting this as a test and outperformed the desires for the Academy that he himself turned into an individual from that esteemed association. Tragically in 1720 Watteau’s wellbeing started to bomb him and he looked for the counsel of Dr. Richard Mead who was then an a prominent doctor. In fact, he was a wiped out kid since youth days and his commitment to his work made him disregard his bombing wellbeing. Therefore Watteau’s life as a craftsman was cut-off in 1721 since he passed on from tuberculous laryngitis at 36 years old. In the long run, he followed through on the cost at a mind-blowing expense. Antoine Watteau has made numerous works of art yet some of them raised contention through the significance they appear to decipher or represent. Among the craftsmanships that was known as provocative was the

English Literature An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel - 825 Words

English Literature: An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel (Essay Sample) Content: ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELPresented by:Institution:Date:ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELIntroductionMary Shelley, a romantic author of the novel Frankenstein" and other novels had a more profound value of nature and appreciated the roles of the environment in shaping the life of an individual. In her work Frankenstein, all the characters she has developed seem to find peace and recreation from their worries of life through the contact and experience with nature. For instance, Victor who has been established as the main character in the novel finds pleasure, peace, solace, and serenity from nature by exploring the natural environment and having various hikes and long vacations on the mountains and areas such as the forests. Shelley has by large extent used the nature or the environment as a metaphor. It is good to note that nature has got both building and destructive role in the life of the individuals hence the need to be keen on how one exploits it.The roles of nature are clear all the way from the beginning of the novel up to the end. The reader is first introduced to the letters by Robert Walton. In his letters Robert request to visit and explore the North Pole. His urge to explore this region were motivated by his imaginations of how beautiful that land was. Additionally, Robert perceived nature to be the most important thing than the rest (Shelley 2005: 15). His perception of this territory as a beautiful scenery is different from Frankenstein who views the place as unpleasing and dull, a place with an ice cover. Mary Shelly uses this view intentionally to create a message to the reader that people have got different views on the significant roles of nature. One's value of nature is also not the same.Nature as an agent of restoration is the most significant role employed by the author. Nature has been illustrated as the source of peace of mind, an excellent source of joy and hope for a better future as well as a pain relief a gent. According to Frankenstein and his monster, the environment is a source of both joys as well as a state of peace and enjoyment. From their view, nature should elevate one to joy and happiness because of its characteristic of relieving pain. After pain relief, one gets pure pleasure.Shelley compares and contrasts the beauty of nature and the ugliness of the monster. While the monster is ugly, abominable and repugnant, nature is lovely and to a large extent soothing. It is until when one keeps the secrets of nature that peace, joy, love, and enjoyment is found. One can only tame or manipulate the environment to suit his or her needs but can never have the power to change nature overwhelmingly. The powers to change the nature are only rested with God the creator.Nature acts as stress relief agent. When Frankenstein is stressed he always sought relief from nature. He wonders solely towards Chamounix valley. This rescues him from the haunting experience after committing murder. Fra nkenstein's psyche had experienced much torture after the killing of William and the persecution and execution of Justine who was innocent. Without any other alternative, Frankenstein turns to nature as the only part of consolation. Though the grief is short-lived, the beauty of nature plays a very significant role in cheering him up. The realization that the monster he created had murdered his youngest brother had tortured him. He needed a rest, rest that could only be found by having a fresh air that could refresh him.On the other hand, nature can as well turn to be hostile. It is especially when one ignores conservation. Shelly in her work suggests that man cannot be able to emancipate himself from nature. There is no given time that a person can be able to run away from the forces of nature. The forces of nature are more significant and overwhelming.Shelly employs...

English Literature An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel - 825 Words

English Literature: An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel (Essay Sample) Content: ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELPresented by:Institution:Date:ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELIntroductionMary Shelley, a romantic author of the novel Frankenstein" and other novels had a more profound value of nature and appreciated the roles of the environment in shaping the life of an individual. In her work Frankenstein, all the characters she has developed seem to find peace and recreation from their worries of life through the contact and experience with nature. For instance, Victor who has been established as the main character in the novel finds pleasure, peace, solace, and serenity from nature by exploring the natural environment and having various hikes and long vacations on the mountains and areas such as the forests. Shelley has by large extent used the nature or the environment as a metaphor. It is good to note that nature has got both building and destructive role in the life of the individuals hence the need to be keen on how one exploits it.The roles of nature are clear all the way from the beginning of the novel up to the end. The reader is first introduced to the letters by Robert Walton. In his letters Robert request to visit and explore the North Pole. His urge to explore this region were motivated by his imaginations of how beautiful that land was. Additionally, Robert perceived nature to be the most important thing than the rest (Shelley 2005: 15). His perception of this territory as a beautiful scenery is different from Frankenstein who views the place as unpleasing and dull, a place with an ice cover. Mary Shelly uses this view intentionally to create a message to the reader that people have got different views on the significant roles of nature. One's value of nature is also not the same.Nature as an agent of restoration is the most significant role employed by the author. Nature has been illustrated as the source of peace of mind, an excellent source of joy and hope for a better future as well as a pain relief a gent. According to Frankenstein and his monster, the environment is a source of both joys as well as a state of peace and enjoyment. From their view, nature should elevate one to joy and happiness because of its characteristic of relieving pain. After pain relief, one gets pure pleasure.Shelley compares and contrasts the beauty of nature and the ugliness of the monster. While the monster is ugly, abominable and repugnant, nature is lovely and to a large extent soothing. It is until when one keeps the secrets of nature that peace, joy, love, and enjoyment is found. One can only tame or manipulate the environment to suit his or her needs but can never have the power to change nature overwhelmingly. The powers to change the nature are only rested with God the creator.Nature acts as stress relief agent. When Frankenstein is stressed he always sought relief from nature. He wonders solely towards Chamounix valley. This rescues him from the haunting experience after committing murder. Fra nkenstein's psyche had experienced much torture after the killing of William and the persecution and execution of Justine who was innocent. Without any other alternative, Frankenstein turns to nature as the only part of consolation. Though the grief is short-lived, the beauty of nature plays a very significant role in cheering him up. The realization that the monster he created had murdered his youngest brother had tortured him. He needed a rest, rest that could only be found by having a fresh air that could refresh him.On the other hand, nature can as well turn to be hostile. It is especially when one ignores conservation. Shelly in her work suggests that man cannot be able to emancipate himself from nature. There is no given time that a person can be able to run away from the forces of nature. The forces of nature are more significant and overwhelming.Shelly employs...

English Literature An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel - 825 Words

English Literature: An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel (Essay Sample) Content: ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELPresented by:Institution:Date:ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELIntroductionMary Shelley, a romantic author of the novel Frankenstein" and other novels had a more profound value of nature and appreciated the roles of the environment in shaping the life of an individual. In her work Frankenstein, all the characters she has developed seem to find peace and recreation from their worries of life through the contact and experience with nature. For instance, Victor who has been established as the main character in the novel finds pleasure, peace, solace, and serenity from nature by exploring the natural environment and having various hikes and long vacations on the mountains and areas such as the forests. Shelley has by large extent used the nature or the environment as a metaphor. It is good to note that nature has got both building and destructive role in the life of the individuals hence the need to be keen on how one exploits it.The roles of nature are clear all the way from the beginning of the novel up to the end. The reader is first introduced to the letters by Robert Walton. In his letters Robert request to visit and explore the North Pole. His urge to explore this region were motivated by his imaginations of how beautiful that land was. Additionally, Robert perceived nature to be the most important thing than the rest (Shelley 2005: 15). His perception of this territory as a beautiful scenery is different from Frankenstein who views the place as unpleasing and dull, a place with an ice cover. Mary Shelly uses this view intentionally to create a message to the reader that people have got different views on the significant roles of nature. One's value of nature is also not the same.Nature as an agent of restoration is the most significant role employed by the author. Nature has been illustrated as the source of peace of mind, an excellent source of joy and hope for a better future as well as a pain relief a gent. According to Frankenstein and his monster, the environment is a source of both joys as well as a state of peace and enjoyment. From their view, nature should elevate one to joy and happiness because of its characteristic of relieving pain. After pain relief, one gets pure pleasure.Shelley compares and contrasts the beauty of nature and the ugliness of the monster. While the monster is ugly, abominable and repugnant, nature is lovely and to a large extent soothing. It is until when one keeps the secrets of nature that peace, joy, love, and enjoyment is found. One can only tame or manipulate the environment to suit his or her needs but can never have the power to change nature overwhelmingly. The powers to change the nature are only rested with God the creator.Nature acts as stress relief agent. When Frankenstein is stressed he always sought relief from nature. He wonders solely towards Chamounix valley. This rescues him from the haunting experience after committing murder. Fra nkenstein's psyche had experienced much torture after the killing of William and the persecution and execution of Justine who was innocent. Without any other alternative, Frankenstein turns to nature as the only part of consolation. Though the grief is short-lived, the beauty of nature plays a very significant role in cheering him up. The realization that the monster he created had murdered his youngest brother had tortured him. He needed a rest, rest that could only be found by having a fresh air that could refresh him.On the other hand, nature can as well turn to be hostile. It is especially when one ignores conservation. Shelly in her work suggests that man cannot be able to emancipate himself from nature. There is no given time that a person can be able to run away from the forces of nature. The forces of nature are more significant and overwhelming.Shelly employs...

English Literature An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel - 825 Words

English Literature: An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel (Essay Sample) Content: ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELPresented by:Institution:Date:ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELIntroductionMary Shelley, a romantic author of the novel Frankenstein" and other novels had a more profound value of nature and appreciated the roles of the environment in shaping the life of an individual. In her work Frankenstein, all the characters she has developed seem to find peace and recreation from their worries of life through the contact and experience with nature. For instance, Victor who has been established as the main character in the novel finds pleasure, peace, solace, and serenity from nature by exploring the natural environment and having various hikes and long vacations on the mountains and areas such as the forests. Shelley has by large extent used the nature or the environment as a metaphor. It is good to note that nature has got both building and destructive role in the life of the individuals hence the need to be keen on how one exploits it.The roles of nature are clear all the way from the beginning of the novel up to the end. The reader is first introduced to the letters by Robert Walton. In his letters Robert request to visit and explore the North Pole. His urge to explore this region were motivated by his imaginations of how beautiful that land was. Additionally, Robert perceived nature to be the most important thing than the rest (Shelley 2005: 15). His perception of this territory as a beautiful scenery is different from Frankenstein who views the place as unpleasing and dull, a place with an ice cover. Mary Shelly uses this view intentionally to create a message to the reader that people have got different views on the significant roles of nature. One's value of nature is also not the same.Nature as an agent of restoration is the most significant role employed by the author. Nature has been illustrated as the source of peace of mind, an excellent source of joy and hope for a better future as well as a pain relief a gent. According to Frankenstein and his monster, the environment is a source of both joys as well as a state of peace and enjoyment. From their view, nature should elevate one to joy and happiness because of its characteristic of relieving pain. After pain relief, one gets pure pleasure.Shelley compares and contrasts the beauty of nature and the ugliness of the monster. While the monster is ugly, abominable and repugnant, nature is lovely and to a large extent soothing. It is until when one keeps the secrets of nature that peace, joy, love, and enjoyment is found. One can only tame or manipulate the environment to suit his or her needs but can never have the power to change nature overwhelmingly. The powers to change the nature are only rested with God the creator.Nature acts as stress relief agent. When Frankenstein is stressed he always sought relief from nature. He wonders solely towards Chamounix valley. This rescues him from the haunting experience after committing murder. Fra nkenstein's psyche had experienced much torture after the killing of William and the persecution and execution of Justine who was innocent. Without any other alternative, Frankenstein turns to nature as the only part of consolation. Though the grief is short-lived, the beauty of nature plays a very significant role in cheering him up. The realization that the monster he created had murdered his youngest brother had tortured him. He needed a rest, rest that could only be found by having a fresh air that could refresh him.On the other hand, nature can as well turn to be hostile. It is especially when one ignores conservation. Shelly in her work suggests that man cannot be able to emancipate himself from nature. There is no given time that a person can be able to run away from the forces of nature. The forces of nature are more significant and overwhelming.Shelly employs...

English Literature An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel - 825 Words

English Literature: An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel (Essay Sample) Content: ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELPresented by:Institution:Date:ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELIntroductionMary Shelley, a romantic author of the novel Frankenstein" and other novels had a more profound value of nature and appreciated the roles of the environment in shaping the life of an individual. In her work Frankenstein, all the characters she has developed seem to find peace and recreation from their worries of life through the contact and experience with nature. For instance, Victor who has been established as the main character in the novel finds pleasure, peace, solace, and serenity from nature by exploring the natural environment and having various hikes and long vacations on the mountains and areas such as the forests. Shelley has by large extent used the nature or the environment as a metaphor. It is good to note that nature has got both building and destructive role in the life of the individuals hence the need to be keen on how one exploits it.The roles of nature are clear all the way from the beginning of the novel up to the end. The reader is first introduced to the letters by Robert Walton. In his letters Robert request to visit and explore the North Pole. His urge to explore this region were motivated by his imaginations of how beautiful that land was. Additionally, Robert perceived nature to be the most important thing than the rest (Shelley 2005: 15). His perception of this territory as a beautiful scenery is different from Frankenstein who views the place as unpleasing and dull, a place with an ice cover. Mary Shelly uses this view intentionally to create a message to the reader that people have got different views on the significant roles of nature. One's value of nature is also not the same.Nature as an agent of restoration is the most significant role employed by the author. Nature has been illustrated as the source of peace of mind, an excellent source of joy and hope for a better future as well as a pain relief a gent. According to Frankenstein and his monster, the environment is a source of both joys as well as a state of peace and enjoyment. From their view, nature should elevate one to joy and happiness because of its characteristic of relieving pain. After pain relief, one gets pure pleasure.Shelley compares and contrasts the beauty of nature and the ugliness of the monster. While the monster is ugly, abominable and repugnant, nature is lovely and to a large extent soothing. It is until when one keeps the secrets of nature that peace, joy, love, and enjoyment is found. One can only tame or manipulate the environment to suit his or her needs but can never have the power to change nature overwhelmingly. The powers to change the nature are only rested with God the creator.Nature acts as stress relief agent. When Frankenstein is stressed he always sought relief from nature. He wonders solely towards Chamounix valley. This rescues him from the haunting experience after committing murder. Fra nkenstein's psyche had experienced much torture after the killing of William and the persecution and execution of Justine who was innocent. Without any other alternative, Frankenstein turns to nature as the only part of consolation. Though the grief is short-lived, the beauty of nature plays a very significant role in cheering him up. The realization that the monster he created had murdered his youngest brother had tortured him. He needed a rest, rest that could only be found by having a fresh air that could refresh him.On the other hand, nature can as well turn to be hostile. It is especially when one ignores conservation. Shelly in her work suggests that man cannot be able to emancipate himself from nature. There is no given time that a person can be able to run away from the forces of nature. The forces of nature are more significant and overwhelming.Shelly employs...

English Literature An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel - 825 Words

English Literature: An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel (Essay Sample) Content: ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELPresented by:Institution:Date:ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELIntroductionMary Shelley, a romantic author of the novel Frankenstein" and other novels had a more profound value of nature and appreciated the roles of the environment in shaping the life of an individual. In her work Frankenstein, all the characters she has developed seem to find peace and recreation from their worries of life through the contact and experience with nature. For instance, Victor who has been established as the main character in the novel finds pleasure, peace, solace, and serenity from nature by exploring the natural environment and having various hikes and long vacations on the mountains and areas such as the forests. Shelley has by large extent used the nature or the environment as a metaphor. It is good to note that nature has got both building and destructive role in the life of the individuals hence the need to be keen on how one exploits it.The roles of nature are clear all the way from the beginning of the novel up to the end. The reader is first introduced to the letters by Robert Walton. In his letters Robert request to visit and explore the North Pole. His urge to explore this region were motivated by his imaginations of how beautiful that land was. Additionally, Robert perceived nature to be the most important thing than the rest (Shelley 2005: 15). His perception of this territory as a beautiful scenery is different from Frankenstein who views the place as unpleasing and dull, a place with an ice cover. Mary Shelly uses this view intentionally to create a message to the reader that people have got different views on the significant roles of nature. One's value of nature is also not the same.Nature as an agent of restoration is the most significant role employed by the author. Nature has been illustrated as the source of peace of mind, an excellent source of joy and hope for a better future as well as a pain relief a gent. According to Frankenstein and his monster, the environment is a source of both joys as well as a state of peace and enjoyment. From their view, nature should elevate one to joy and happiness because of its characteristic of relieving pain. After pain relief, one gets pure pleasure.Shelley compares and contrasts the beauty of nature and the ugliness of the monster. While the monster is ugly, abominable and repugnant, nature is lovely and to a large extent soothing. It is until when one keeps the secrets of nature that peace, joy, love, and enjoyment is found. One can only tame or manipulate the environment to suit his or her needs but can never have the power to change nature overwhelmingly. The powers to change the nature are only rested with God the creator.Nature acts as stress relief agent. When Frankenstein is stressed he always sought relief from nature. He wonders solely towards Chamounix valley. This rescues him from the haunting experience after committing murder. Fra nkenstein's psyche had experienced much torture after the killing of William and the persecution and execution of Justine who was innocent. Without any other alternative, Frankenstein turns to nature as the only part of consolation. Though the grief is short-lived, the beauty of nature plays a very significant role in cheering him up. The realization that the monster he created had murdered his youngest brother had tortured him. He needed a rest, rest that could only be found by having a fresh air that could refresh him.On the other hand, nature can as well turn to be hostile. It is especially when one ignores conservation. Shelly in her work suggests that man cannot be able to emancipate himself from nature. There is no given time that a person can be able to run away from the forces of nature. The forces of nature are more significant and overwhelming.Shelly employs...

English Literature An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel - 825 Words

English Literature: An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel (Essay Sample) Content: ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELPresented by:Institution:Date:ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELIntroductionMary Shelley, a romantic author of the novel Frankenstein" and other novels had a more profound value of nature and appreciated the roles of the environment in shaping the life of an individual. In her work Frankenstein, all the characters she has developed seem to find peace and recreation from their worries of life through the contact and experience with nature. For instance, Victor who has been established as the main character in the novel finds pleasure, peace, solace, and serenity from nature by exploring the natural environment and having various hikes and long vacations on the mountains and areas such as the forests. Shelley has by large extent used the nature or the environment as a metaphor. It is good to note that nature has got both building and destructive role in the life of the individuals hence the need to be keen on how one exploits it.The roles of nature are clear all the way from the beginning of the novel up to the end. The reader is first introduced to the letters by Robert Walton. In his letters Robert request to visit and explore the North Pole. His urge to explore this region were motivated by his imaginations of how beautiful that land was. Additionally, Robert perceived nature to be the most important thing than the rest (Shelley 2005: 15). His perception of this territory as a beautiful scenery is different from Frankenstein who views the place as unpleasing and dull, a place with an ice cover. Mary Shelly uses this view intentionally to create a message to the reader that people have got different views on the significant roles of nature. One's value of nature is also not the same.Nature as an agent of restoration is the most significant role employed by the author. Nature has been illustrated as the source of peace of mind, an excellent source of joy and hope for a better future as well as a pain relief a gent. According to Frankenstein and his monster, the environment is a source of both joys as well as a state of peace and enjoyment. From their view, nature should elevate one to joy and happiness because of its characteristic of relieving pain. After pain relief, one gets pure pleasure.Shelley compares and contrasts the beauty of nature and the ugliness of the monster. While the monster is ugly, abominable and repugnant, nature is lovely and to a large extent soothing. It is until when one keeps the secrets of nature that peace, joy, love, and enjoyment is found. One can only tame or manipulate the environment to suit his or her needs but can never have the power to change nature overwhelmingly. The powers to change the nature are only rested with God the creator.Nature acts as stress relief agent. When Frankenstein is stressed he always sought relief from nature. He wonders solely towards Chamounix valley. This rescues him from the haunting experience after committing murder. Fra nkenstein's psyche had experienced much torture after the killing of William and the persecution and execution of Justine who was innocent. Without any other alternative, Frankenstein turns to nature as the only part of consolation. Though the grief is short-lived, the beauty of nature plays a very significant role in cheering him up. The realization that the monster he created had murdered his youngest brother had tortured him. He needed a rest, rest that could only be found by having a fresh air that could refresh him.On the other hand, nature can as well turn to be hostile. It is especially when one ignores conservation. Shelly in her work suggests that man cannot be able to emancipate himself from nature. There is no given time that a person can be able to run away from the forces of nature. The forces of nature are more significant and overwhelming.Shelly employs...

English Literature An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel - 825 Words

English Literature: An Article Of Role Of Nature In Frankenstein Novel (Essay Sample) Content: ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELPresented by:Institution:Date:ROLE OF NATURE IN FRANKENSTEIN NOVELIntroductionMary Shelley, a romantic author of the novel Frankenstein" and other novels had a more profound value of nature and appreciated the roles of the environment in shaping the life of an individual. In her work Frankenstein, all the characters she has developed seem to find peace and recreation from their worries of life through the contact and experience with nature. For instance, Victor who has been established as the main character in the novel finds pleasure, peace, solace, and serenity from nature by exploring the natural environment and having various hikes and long vacations on the mountains and areas such as the forests. Shelley has by large extent used the nature or the environment as a metaphor. It is good to note that nature has got both building and destructive role in the life of the individuals hence the need to be keen on how one exploits it.The roles of nature are clear all the way from the beginning of the novel up to the end. The reader is first introduced to the letters by Robert Walton. In his letters Robert request to visit and explore the North Pole. His urge to explore this region were motivated by his imaginations of how beautiful that land was. Additionally, Robert perceived nature to be the most important thing than the rest (Shelley 2005: 15). His perception of this territory as a beautiful scenery is different from Frankenstein who views the place as unpleasing and dull, a place with an ice cover. Mary Shelly uses this view intentionally to create a message to the reader that people have got different views on the significant roles of nature. One's value of nature is also not the same.Nature as an agent of restoration is the most significant role employed by the author. Nature has been illustrated as the source of peace of mind, an excellent source of joy and hope for a better future as well as a pain relief a gent. According to Frankenstein and his monster, the environment is a source of both joys as well as a state of peace and enjoyment. From their view, nature should elevate one to joy and happiness because of its characteristic of relieving pain. After pain relief, one gets pure pleasure.Shelley compares and contrasts the beauty of nature and the ugliness of the monster. While the monster is ugly, abominable and repugnant, nature is lovely and to a large extent soothing. It is until when one keeps the secrets of nature that peace, joy, love, and enjoyment is found. One can only tame or manipulate the environment to suit his or her needs but can never have the power to change nature overwhelmingly. The powers to change the nature are only rested with God the creator.Nature acts as stress relief agent. When Frankenstein is stressed he always sought relief from nature. He wonders solely towards Chamounix valley. This rescues him from the haunting experience after committing murder. Fra nkenstein's psyche had experienced much torture after the killing of William and the persecution and execution of Justine who was innocent. Without any other alternative, Frankenstein turns to nature as the only part of consolation. Though the grief is short-lived, the beauty of nature plays a very significant role in cheering him up. The realization that the monster he created had murdered his youngest brother had tortured him. He needed a rest, rest that could only be found by having a fresh air that could refresh him.On the other hand, nature can as well turn to be hostile. It is especially when one ignores conservation. Shelly in her work suggests that man cannot be able to emancipate himself from nature. There is no given time that a person can be able to run away from the forces of nature. The forces of nature are more significant and overwhelming.Shelly employs...

Innovation in service sector - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION Organizations must run fast to keep up with changes taking place all around them. They must modify themselves all the time. Change, rather than stability, is the norm today. Every business is affected by a number of powerful environmental forces such as; technological advances, environmental changes, evolving society and customer desires, and maturation of market, which drive the need to change in todays globalized economy. All of these enviromental forces have created opportunities and threats. Every organization strives to take advantage of opportunities and manage the threats which have arisen during the change process (Daft, 2001). Organizations, to be considered innovative, need to implement technologically new products and processes, or need to make significant technological improvements in existing products and processes. Organizations generate and apply the appropriate knowledge required for producing something new and improving the existing product or process, simply known as knowledge creation (Atmaca, 2006). The rate of innovation and technical change is important to an economys rate of growth. Differences in knowledge creation, diffusion, and use have implications for international competiveness, standards of living, and quality of life (Feldman and Massard, 2002). To remain competitive, established firms must continually seek out opportunities for growth and new methods for strategically renewing their performance. Changes in customer needs, new technologies, and shifts in the competitive landscape require that companies continually innovate and initiate corporate ventures in order to compete effectively (Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner, 2008). The discussion begins with defining the innovation concept focusing on different literatures from professional writers. Innovations can take many forms, including radical breakthrough innovations as well as incremantal innovative improvements, and todays researchers are strongly emphasizing that innovation is one of the most valuable differentiator for sustainable competitive advantage. The concept of innovation is compared to the concept of invention and creativity as they are confused and interchangeably used. Later, the discussion concentrates on the importance of innovation in identifying opportunities and threats coming with change; which are followed by suggestions how to become successful innovators to overcome these threats. The discussion continues by identifying the four types of changes an organization undergoes to achieve advantage in the international environment. These changes can be used to update the products or the services, the technology, the existing strategy and structure, and culture in the organization. Then, focus will be on how organizations can build innovation by applying key elements that create a truly innovative and entrepreneurial one. The next chapter identifies some successful global innovators that have delivered novel benefits to their customers. This thesis reviews the innovation concept and the forms it takes to achieve competitive edge in the market. It identifies the benefits driving from innovation, explains why people and organizations resist change and identifies the appropriate steps to overcome barriers resisting it. It explains the role management has during innovation and the key elements to create an innovative organization. It concludes by explaining why healthcare sector is different and identifies the best practiced innovations in healthcare sector. The later chapter concentrates on how innovation evolves in the service sector. The biggest industries for RD spending for 2009 are identified. The important features of services sector; the concept of service innovation and its four dimensions are compared to the service product concept. To conclude, some suggestions how management in service companies can achieve effective innovation are given. The last chapter concentrates on the healthcare sector. It focuses on the main and best practised innovations in the healthare sector, as healthcare is a part of the service sector. The reasons that make the healthcare sector different from others are underlined. Big structure, complex size, and different government policies are some of the reasons. To sum up, best practised processes and services which are applied by present healthcare service providers are identified. CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEW IN INNOVATION 1.1Defining Innovation According to King (2009) innovation is doing things in new ways in order to achieve significant results and make a huge difference in performance compared to others. Innovations goal is to have a positive change, to make someone or something better. Testing and evaluation of ideas is critical in achieving this goal. The ideas that do not work are identified through testing. Failure is an integral part of the innovation process. Failing means collecting data and evidence about the changes that organizations want to undergo. This view is supported by Mulgan and Albury (2003) who define innovation as new ideas that work and a successful innovation can be achieved through the creation and implementation of new processes, products, services and methods of delivery which will result in significant improvements in the profitability and enhance the growth of an enterprise. Innovation is a special case of planned change and learning that either transforms current products, services, and markets, or creates an entirely new market by introducing a radically new product or service. An organization is considered innovative if it stirs up the marketplace, by creating competitive pressures and new opportunities. It has been recognized that innovation success in an established organization requires balancing the stabilized efficiency of the current market offerings and building new capabilities to create and develop offerings for unknown markets (Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker, 2003). The changes used to adapt the environment can be evaluated according to the scope and to the extent to which changes are incremental or radical for the organization. Incremental changes maintain the general equilibrium of the organization through a series of continual progressions and affect only one part in organization. On the contrast, radical changes, transform the entire organization. Incremental changes include technology improvements, such as the introduction of computer-integrated manufacturing or product improvements in the established structure and management processes. In radical changes, the technology is likely to be breakthrough, and new products created will establish new markets (Daft, 2001). Importance of innovation seems to be the most talked management issue these days. Knowledge plays a crucial role in the economic processes because within the knowledge-based economy, innovation plays a central role and stands at the heart of economic change. Firms innovate to defend their competitive position as well as to achieve competitive advantage. Organizations possessing more knowledge outperform those with less. It was believed that an enterprise can maintain competitive advantage through quality and price. While todays different researches have revealed that innovation is one of the most valuable differentiator for sustainable competitive advantage (Tyagi, 2008). 1.1.1 Invention Tyagi (2008) has made a distinction between invention and innovation. Invention is discovering of things never existed before while innovation is discovering how to introduce and commercialize new products, processes and new ways of adding customer value through innovative business models and management systems. This point of view is supported by King (2009) who defines invention as the generation of new ideas which have the potential to make someone or something better. New ideas can drawn from scanning other industries, by having conversations and meetings, or accessing information which is not usual in your business. All innovations starting point is invention of creative ideas. The distinction between them is; invention is having an idea about a service, product, technology or device, while innovation is the successfull application of those ideas. Another author who has discussed about the difference existing among invention and creativity is Sloane (2010). Invention is the creation of a product, device or method that has never been made and existed before. So, every invention is an innovation. But every innovation is not an invention. When a company first publishes its website this is a major innovation for the company even though many other websites may already exist. 1.1.2 Creativity Creativity is defined as the process of thinking and generating new things, new concepts, and new ideas. Converting these thoughts into tangible things, bringing these ideas to life is innovation. Creativity is like dreaming up new things and innovation is making those dreams come true. Expressed in other words, creativity is the capability of conceiving something unusual or original while innovation is the implementation of those unusual or original things (Difference Between, n.d.). 1.2 Benefits and Barriers of Innovation In the last years change has occured incrementally and infrequently. A globalized economy is creating both opportunities and hazards to everyone. Firms are forced to make dramatic improvements not only to compete and prosper but also to survive. People who have been through difficult, and not successful change efforts end up drawing pesimistic and angry conclusions. They become suspicious of the motives of those pushing for transformation (Kotter, 1996). This section will focus on the discussion of benefits and barriers that come with innovation. The advantages supporting a strong leadership and the factors causing resistance toward change will be identified. In addition, this section will also explain some methods that managers can use to implement change successfully within the organization. 1.2.1 Benefits of Innovation Bhatt (2007) states the reasons that make companies innovate, those are listed below: To advance in technology. To change the environment. The evolving of the society. The evolving of the customer desires. Competitors improve their products and services. Customers stop buying your old products so you need to replace them and add new products. Innovation opportunities can arise due to environmental changes in technology, science, and data analysis. Environmental changes may result in creation of new customer needs or may enable the organization to develop better solutions to current customer needs. Service or product innovations have to fulfill four benefit aspects listed below: Unique. The target group should perceive the new benefits generated from the new service or product as unique. Important. The customers should perceive the new benefits as important. Sustainable. The new benefits should be protected against followers by measures such as patents, time to market and brand management. Marketable. The organization should have the resources, capabilities and competencies to market the product which also includes an effective and ready to market version of the product (Anon., 2008). Stark (n.d.) has identified the benefits of good innovation, those are listed below: First to market. Premium prices. Best customers. Large market share. Increased shareholder return. Increased employee motivation and morale. 1.2.2 Barriers to Innovation Beer and Nohria (2000) state that one research team concluded that The brutal fact is that about 70 per cent of all change initiatives fail. These researchers conclude that there are two primary reasons why organizations undergo change: one is based on hard economic value (e.g. financial return to shareholders); the other is based soft organizational capabilities. The organizational approach develops corporate culture, human capabilities, feedback, measurements and reflections on evolutionary progress. Both people and organizations frequently resist change, even if it is in their best interests, especially in large and established organizations. Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker (2003) suggest five main reasons why individuals resist change: Selective perception. People sometimes perceive the same thing differently. When changes are initiated, individuals tend to focus on how they will be personally affected rather than seeing the big picture for the entire organization. Lack of information.People will resist change if they are not informed about what is expected from them or what benefits change will bring. If the reasons for change are not clearly presented, people tend to fill in the missing pieces with speculation, which often assumes the worst in terms of initiator intentions and personal impact. In addition, if people do not have enough information about how to change, they may fear making mistakes, so they will not try. Fear of the unknown. Individuals resist change when they are uncertain about how it will affect their well-being. They fear downsizing, uncertainties about not knowing how to change, not being able to perform as well as before the change, losing position, income, and status or power. Habit. Many people prefer familiar actions and events, even if they are not optimal. Breaking a habit is difficult because it takes hard work and involves giving up perceived benefits from the habit, even if the new behavior has more desirable consequences. Resentment toward the initiator.If a change seems arbitrary or unreasonable, resentment and anger are directed towards those initiating the change. People resent being controlled and losing autonomy over their works and lives, when their thoughts and feelings are not considered by change initiators. Finally, without trust in the initiators inventions, people may resist the change out of resentment or fear of possible unknown consequences. Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker (2003) state that organizations resist change for many of the same reasons individuals do. There are also many forces inside an organization that create resistance to changes initiated by environmental conditions. Some of the main ones are summarized below: Power Maintenance. Changes in decision-making authority and control of resource allocations threaten the balance of power in organizations. Units benefiting from the change will welcome it, but those losing power will resist it. Structural stability. Organizations create hierarchies, subgroups, rules and procedures to promote order, consistent and predicable behaviors. People who fit these desired behavioral criteria are hired and shaped to confirm further through the socialization process and organizational conditioning. Functional sub-optimization.Differences in functional orientation, goals and resource dependencies can cause changes that are seen as beneficial to one functional unit and as threatening to another. Functional units usually think of themselves first when evaluating potential changes and support those that enhance their own welfare, but resist the one that reduce it. Organizational culture. Organizational culture promotes predicable ways of thinking and behaving. Organizational members will resist changes that force them to abandon established assumptions and approved ways of doing things. Group norms. Groups develop their own norms to promote desirable behaviors. Many members conform these norms. Consequently, any change that disrupts group norms, tasks or role relationships will probably be resisted. Strategos conducted a survey of innovation practices of more than 550 large companies, where majority of respondents in every industry rated innovation as critical and said that the importance of innovation would grow in the future. According to Loewe and Dominiquini (2006) the top six obstacles to innovation identified by respondents across industries are: Short-term focus. Lack of time, resources or staff. Leadership expects payoff sooner than is realistic. Management incentives do not reward innovation. Lack of a systematic innovation process. Belief that innovation is inherently risky. Below is a list of suggestions how to become successful innovators about overcoming the barriers to innovation: Have a vision for change. Innovation has to have a purpose, a statement which defines the direction for the business and which people will readily understand and remember. Your team needs to know the direction they are headed in order to be innovative. Illustrate the goals and explain to people how their role is decisive in meeting the goals to fulfill the organizational vision. Fight the fear of change. Innovative leaders constantly explain the need for change. They must paint a picture that shows an attractive future that is worth taking risks to achieve. Have a dynamic suggestions scheme. Great suggestion schemes are focused and open to all. Leaders do not need to offer huge rewards. Sometimes, recognition and response are generally more important. Break the rules. To achieve radical innovation leaders need to challenge all the assumptions related to how things should look in your environment. Business is like Art, with no well-defined rules and referees. Innovation is filled with opportunities for people who can take advantage in creating new ways to provide the goods and services that customers want. Give everyone two jobs. Ask your people to run their current jobs in the most effective way possible and at the same time to find completely new ways to do the job. Encourage them to identify the purpose of their role, the outcomes delivered through this role and if there is a better way to deliver that purpose. Collaborate. CEOs must see collaboration as key to their success during innovation. Success can not only be achieved by using internal resources, but also by looking outside of the organization for people to partner with. Welcome failure. The innovative leader encourages a culture where people feel free to innovate and experiment. Innovative leaders tell people that each unsuccessful attempt is a step along the road to success. When innovative leaders welcome innovation and create a culture of experimentation, means that they except failure and welcome it. Build prototypes. Innovative leaders are suggested to try the new ideas at low cost by building prototypes and see what the customer reaction is. You will learn more in the real world than you will in the test laboratories. Be passionate. Leaders must concentrate on the things they want to change, on the challenges they want to face and be passionate about overcoming them. Organizations need passionate supporters, who are inspired to innovate and change the way they do things to come up with extraordinary results. Be passionate about what you believe, communicate that passion every time you speak and explain why reaching the destination is really worthwhile (ArticleSnatch, n.d.). 1.3 Types of Innovation There exist four types of changes to achieve strategic edge within an organization. Managers can use these four types of changes to achieve competitive advantage in the international environment. Each company can have maximum impact upon the chosen market through its own unique configuration of technology, product and services, strategy and structure, and culture as explained below (Daft, 2001). 1.3.1 Technological Innovation Technological innovations refer to changes in an organizations production process to enable distinctive competence. Changes in an organizations production process, including its knowledge and skills base, are designed to produce greater in volume or to have a more efficient production. Changes in technology involve the work methods, equipment, and work flow techniques for making products or services. For example, in a university, technology changes are about changes in methods for teaching the courses. Tyagi (2008) suggests that traditionally innovation has been associated with the use of technological knowledge, and research and development activities. A technological innovation is any innovation due to an industrial application of scientific knowledge. Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner (2008) suggest that innovation involves the usage of new knowledge to transform organizational processes or create commercially viable products and services. The latest technology, results of experiments, creative insights, or competitive information may be the sources of new knowledge. However it comes about, innovation occurs when new combinations of ideas and information bring about positive change. Among the most important sources of new ideas is new technology. Technology creates new possibilities and provides the raw material that firms use to make innovative new products and services. But technology is not the only source of innovation. There can be innovations in human resources, firm infrastructure, marketing, service, or in many other value-adding areas that have little to do with anything high-tech. 1.3.2 Product and Service Innovation Product and service innovations refer to the product or service outputs of an organization. New products may be in the form of entirely new product lines or small adaptions of existing products. New products are designed to develop new markets, or customers, or to increase the market share. Tyagi (2008) states that product innovation is about the introduction of new goods and services which have improvements in terms of design excellence, core characteristics, technical specifications etc. and are derived from customer or industry insight, or strategic alignment of the organization. Godin (2005) suggests that the old rule was to create safe and ordinary products that were combined with great marketing. The new rule is to create remarkable products and figure out a great theory by looking at whats working in the real world and what the various successes have in common. Identify what the successful companies have in common and do something to be remarkable. Roberts (2002) has made a distinction when discussing if innovation is between product/service innovation and process innovation. Product/Service innovation refers to efforts to develop new products or services for end users. Product/Service innovations tend to be more radical and are more common during the earlier stages of an industrys life cycle. As an industry matures, there are fewer opportunities for newness, so the innovations tend to be more incremental. Process innovation, by contrast, is associated with improving the efficiency of an organizational process, especially manufacturing systems and operations. Process innovations occur in the later stages of an industrys life cycle as companies seek ways to remain viable in markets where demand has flattened out and competition is more intensive. As a result, process innovations are often associated with overall cost leader strategies because the aim of many process improvements is to lower the cost of operations. There are several problems with seeking competitive advantage through investments in process technology. Firstly, the people who sell you robots or point-of-sale terminals, software to analyze production or service delivery will sell the robots, terminals, and software to your competitors. Your ability to obtain the benefits of this technology depends on your ability to implement it more rapidly and more effectively. Secondly, investment in specialized technology is not a substitute for skill in managing the work force. This is because more skills may be required to operate the more sophisticated and advanced equipments. Having a higher level of investment per employee will result in increasingly expensive interruptions in the process which means that the ability to operate, maintain, and repair equipment effectively becomes even more critical (Pfeffer, 1996). 1.3.3 Strategy and Structural Innovation Strategy and structural innovation refers to the administrative section in an organization. It is related to the management and supervision in the organization, including changes in an organizations strategic management and structure, policies, accounting and budgeting systems, reward systems, labor relations, coordination devices, management information and control systems. Strategy and structure changes in an organization are mandated by top management. They usually have a top-down structure. An example may be if the corporate goes downsizing. On the other hand, product and technology changes may come from the bottom up. 1.3.4 Cultural Innovation Cultural innovation refers to changes that may occur in an employees attitudes, beliefs, values, expectations, abilities, and behavior. Culture innovation tends to change the way employees think. These are changes in mindset rather than the technology, structure, or products and services. Culture can be a powerful force undermining or shoring up the effectiveness of a nation, a business, and a manager. Recognizing the presence and power of culture will help in better navigating through the rough seas of international business. Discovering how to harness the power of culture in an organization will help the organization gain competitive advantage (Schneider and Barsoux, 2003). To conclude, it can be said that successful innovation in an organization occurs when technological and product or process innovations in the value chain are implemented through effective strategy and structure innovation. Innovation in an organization, which includes people, leadership, creativity, process and organizational culture, is the driver to grow, to achieve high profits and to succeed in the market. Innovation in an organization should be approached in a systematic way and not a piecemeal manner and should be initiated even at the lowest levels (Tyagi, 2008). 1.4 Leadership in Practice of Innovation Many organizations are resistant to changes and continue operating the way they had been operating in the past. To remain competitive, they work harder, improve efficiency, reduce cost and implement best practices. But, this is not enough. Instead of getting stuck in their standard mode of operations, organizations need to adopt innovative ways to change the strategies. The best way to create a competitive edge and be in the head of the competition is to innovate by drawing advantage from the creative power of your people. Turn your greatest assets into opportunistic entrepreneurs who discover new ways and improve the way they do business. Management innovation involves total transformation of existing culture to enhance organizational performance in an integrated manner involving technological innovation, product and service innovation, and strategy and structural innovation (Tyagi, 2008). Sloane (2003) suggests that every organization needs to have a vision, a culture and a process of innovation to build a truly innovative environment. There are eight key elements that create a truly innovative and entrepreneurial organization as below: Painting the vision. The first step is to paint a desirable, challenging and believable vision. Innovative leaders must be sure that people share a common goal and embarke on a journey all together. Being all together means they accept easier the changes, all the challenges and difficulties that show up during the journey. Innovative leaders should delegate more responsibility, and empower the staff with control over their work. Once staff is aware of the goal and direction headed, they contribute the best creative ways to solve challenges and obstacles that lie ahead. Build an open and questioning culture. The painted picture quickly fades away from view, so great leaders should take time to meet staff and illustrate the goals to be achieved and the challenges to overcome. Leaders inspire the staff to become entrepreneurs finding innovative routes to success and constantly remind them how their role is decisive in fulfilling the vision and meeting the challenges. Empowering. The purpose of empowering your people is to turn them into entrepreneurs looking for new opportunities. By empowering, leaders enable them to develop the skills for the task and achieve the change through their own efforts to come up with radical innovations. People need freedom to succeed and need to understand and agree on what management expects of them. People and management must agree on the scope of freedom and responsibility. Empowering means trusting your people, supporting and believing that they will achieve great things. Set goals, deadlines and measurements for innovation. Change is uncomfortable, resulting in anxiously people fearing an embarrassing or costly failure. Leaders should spend time with people encouraging them to undertake risks and come out from their safety zones. Leaders should reassure them that risks are necessary and worth taking and no one will be punished if their initiatives do not succeed. Use creativity techniques to generate a large number of ideas. Innovative leaders should build a culture where everyone can come up with creative solutions and crazy ideas through techniques, methods, and workshops. The goal is to change the people within the organization; from people who do routine jobs into highly energized entrepreneurs who constantly search for new and better ways of making the vision a reality. People need to be trained to learn the skills and to develop the confidence to try new methods, and use creative techniques to come up with new solutions. Review, filter and select ideas. In the innovation process many ideas are generated in response to a given issue or challenge. At the end, the most promising idea is selected. Prototype the promising proposals. After the idea is selected, then the move is to rapidly prototype it. Analyze the results and the successful projects. New product is tested for its feasibility, attractiveness and payback. Those that pass these criteria are given more funding. King (2009) suggests that the most effective, efficient and leading edge organizations are those that innovate and encourage innovation. Innovative organizations require a strong leadership team to approve the importance of innovation and create a culture for it. A development of strong capabilities for innovation leadership need to be started early in the career development process. In an innovative culture, the staff is given freedom to innovate and experiment. In an innovative culture, risks are managed and the organization understands and accepts that future success is built on a series of learning from unsuccessful attempts. Collaboration with outside parties to generate and adopt innovations is encouraged. Success will depend on strong leadership. We can take learning from market leaders to help us identify key leadership behaviors to promote innovation as explained below: Lead continuous innovation and improvement. Develop and communicate an encouraging story. Encourage partnerships and collaboration. Staff should be exposed to new viewpoints and ideas that can be adapted in the organization. To do this, the organization should create partnerships and collaboration with different parts within or outside the organization. Promote innovation. Organization should consider innovation as a core part of its role, and time is allocated for its employees to innovate. Different organizations have created bespoke labs or prototyping space that staff can use to develop and undertake early testing of ideas. Recognize and promote the success of adopters and diffusers of innovation. Commissioners and providers are encouraged to reflect various forms of innovation in their commissioning schemes which may include goals on putting new inventions into practice, adopting changes already proven elsewhere, or spreading proven changes within an organization or to other providers. Reward innovative thinking. Innovation must be viewed as part of a deliberate process. Management should recognize that innovation can happen at all levels in an organization and staff who seek new and better ways of doing things should be rewarded. Use and share knowledge. Many organizations support staff to join knowledge communities to share the ideas and initiatives among innovatiors and potential adopters. Staff who have access to diverse and timely information are stimulated to generate new ideas and use best available evidence to inform decisions by creating effective networks for sharing ideas, knowledge and experience. Manage risk and tolerate failure. Organizations supporting an innovative culture recognize that not all ideas will work through testing and evaluation. Innovative organizations assess and manage risk actively, making sure to fully understand the risks that are present in their current system. Failure is viewed as part of the learning process rather than something to punish. Promote learning and development. Organizations provide their staff with the necessary specific tools and techniques of improvement to support radical rethinking of services. They create and develop the capability to innovate and build. CHAPTER II GLOBAL INNOVATION PRACTICES Today, every organization must change to survive. New discoveries and inventions quickly replace standard ways of doing things. The pace of change is revealed in the following examples of global innovation practices: The search leader, Google, has earned a reputation as one of the most innovative companies in the world of technology. A few ways how Google hatches new ideas: Open Office Hours: Managers discuss new ideas two/three times a week. Googles personalized home page is one success born from this approach. Free Thinking Time: Google gives all engineers one day a week to develop their own pet projects, no matter how far from the companys central mission. Google News is an example of this process. Big Brainstorms: As it has grown, Google has cut brainstorming sessions. A concept is discussed for 10 minutes. The aim is to build the initial idea with at least one complementary idea per minute. The Ideas List: Anyone at Google can post thoughts for new technologies or businesses on an ideas mailing list. Acquire Good Ideas: Although Google prefers to develop technology in-house, it has also been willing to snap up small companies with interesting initiatives (Anon., 2005). 3M, is a company whose name is synonymous with innovation. 3M has three approaches to a new product development: projects which are spearheaded by employees and are not overseen by management; traditional development, in which business managers and researchers work together to create new products or improve existing ones; and pacing programs, which consist of a small number of products and technologies the company thinks will produce substantial profits fast and are thus given extra attention and resources. The process works, 3M has achieved its goal of getting 30 percent of sales from products less than four years also consistently that is considering raising the bar. 3M culture supports innovation and risk taking to come up with new ideas and new products. At 3M, innovation is a primary goal supported by top management and spread throughout the organization. Managers also recognize the importance of staying in touch with customers. Strong cross-functional coordination and communication helps identify customer needs, turn new ideas into new products, and get them to the marketplace fast (DiSimone, 1995; Stewart, 1996). What is innovative about Starbucks ? It is innovative because it gets you to think about more than just coffee. Starbucks has made coffee a side item to its main offering; the store is a destination. It has translated the purchase of coffee into a place to go to read, relax, hang out, a destination unto itself where items like Starbucks only music CD specials can be marketed and sold. You may think you go to Starbucks just to get coffee but you really go because the brand of Starbucks is in your brain. British Petroleum is doing the same thing as Starbucks to its gas stations. They are trying to transform the gas station more than a place to get gas. They are opening Wild Bean Cafe where you can pick up snacks. They are trying to make it a destination (Anon., 2006). There have been many technological inventions in order to make air flights more efficient. Southwest Airlines presents the business model which focuses on how to efficiently use the capital assets and reduce the total costs. With this cost advantage, Southwest airlines could expand the air travel market. It operated one type of aircraft on a system and had no assigned seats. The flight attendants together with the flight crew helped to clean up the cabin after every flight. Virgin Atlantic distinguishes itself by offering a differentiated and attractive experience. Virgin offers a fun and lively experience by providing complimentary massages and manicures services on the board, a bar in the sky and a wide range of entertainment pleasantries. Furthermore, Virgin extends the quality throughout the total travel time to include transit to the airport as well as in their airport lounges. In particular, Virgins lounge at Heathrow airport is so popular that passengers show up hours before d eparture just to spend some time there. Singapore Airlines emphasizes the highest quality service at every interaction with the customer. Flying with them is like being in a five-star hotel in the sky. These companies do not compete with each other but they provide to their customers the last best experience they have ever had and they are good at exceeding it (Hemeter and Hutchins, 2011). The Gillette Company gained an enormous market share over the years due to the production of a new and better shaving systems like the Sensor and Mach III razors. The firm recently poured its important resources into an ambitious project, the motorized M3 Power razor. Along the way, Gillette has developed a culture of continous innovation to stay a step ahead of its competitors (Kelley and Littman, 2008). The unique German retailer Tchibo opened in the 1950s as a simple coffee shop, but nowdays has gone beyond its roots to become an international merchandizing sensation. Tchibo combined a stand-up cafe with a collection of ever-changing products. A part of its success formula is A new experience every week, with a completely new line of inventory arriving and selling in huge quantities for just seven days. The company continues to intoduce a completely new merchandizing fifty-two times a year and generates impressive sales throughout Europe (Kelley and Littman, 2008). CHAPTER III INNOVATION IN SERVICE SECTOR Booz Companys annual study of the worlds biggest RD identified the 1,000 public companies around the world that spent the most on RD in 2009. The analyzed companiess datas on the RD spending had to be public; all data is based on each companys most recent fiscal year, as of June 30, 2010. The global recession affected the worlds top innovators in 2009. The 1,000 companies that spent the most on RD decreased their total RD spending in 2009 by 3.5 percent, to US$503 billion. This is due to economic downturns impact on corporate RD budgets. Almost all the cuts came in just three industries: auto, computing and electronics, and industrials. The other industries increased spending to a lesser or greater degree. The three biggest industries for RD spending remained auto, computing and electronics, and healthcare (Jaruzelski and Dehof, 2010). 3.1 Characteristics of Service Sector A report commissioned by ForfÃÆ' ¡s (2006) explains that innovation within the services sector has now become a subject of growing interest among policymakers. Currently, service innovation policies are underdeveloped. This may be due to a growing realization that innovation itself is an economic rather than a technological process that is not limited to technology-based innovations. Service innovation requires thinking in different ways, which need to be reflected in the development of policies and supports that are appropriate. The concepts that support service innovations need to take into account a number of important features of services such as: Services are intangible processes. Services are interactive with several parties that participate in the innovation process. Services are extremely diverse in nature. Services innovation can operate at the economy, business strategy, operations levels and even individuals. Three types of services innovation are identified: Traditional RD (sequential service development). Fast Market Entry (an emphasis on speed and cutting down time to market). Incremental Innovation (formalising existing practices of service delivery). 3.2 The Difference Between Service Innovation and Service Product Innovation Hertog (2000) suggests that service innovation is not limited to differences existing in the characteristics of the service product. Innovation includes new ways of product distribution, customer interaction, quality control, etc. The specific ways are different for each organization; a companys goal may be to introduce a new product into the market, while this may be not the same for other companies. Offering a completely new service is different from offering an existing service using a new distribution channel. In practice, many organizations just make major or minor changes in the characteristics of the existing (service) products. In Hertogs point of view, service innovation consists of four dimensions as presented below: The service concept. Manufactured products and processes have highly tangible and visible characteristics. On the contrast many services involve more intangible characteristics, such as how to organize new ideas to a solution or to a problem. But there are some cases when service innovations involve highly visible characteristics. An example is the Automated Teller Machine (ATM), where delivery of the product is involved. Perceptions can differ when a product, service or thought is new, according to whether it incorporates new reasoning or scientific knowledge. Perceptions can differ when the product, service or thought are new to the client base, the providers and the local, national or international market. The client interface. The second dimension of service innovation is about how the service provider and its clients design the interfaces that focus on a good deal of service innovations.The way how the service provider and the client interact with each other can be a source of innovation itself. The service delivery system/organization. This dimension is about how to empower the employees so that they can perform their daily jobs and deliver service products properly. It refers to the internal arrangements done in the organization to permit the service workers perform their job adequately and develop innovative services. Technological options. There exists a relationship between technology and service innovation because technology has a facilitating or enabling role. IT has a great enabling and facilitating role in service innovation. Users are important in developing and implementing new services, but the suppliers are the one that fulfill the required technologies to implement the new services as technology is typically supplier-dominated. Hertog (2000) suggests that a service innovation is a combination of the above mentioned dimensions. A complete new service requires: a new service delivery system to be developed in the organization, the employees will have to change the way they work or relate to customers (the client interface), and the way IT is used in business processes will have to be changed while a new service concept may be involved. Miles (2008) suggests that a service productis a service function or a set of functions marketed as a commodity or a public service. The service products share two common features: intangibility and interactivity. Intangibility refers to transformations in service products such as the state of material products, of people and in data rather than being material products. Some are delivered through physical artifacts such as the CD-ROMs and consultancy reports and some are associated with them such as the dental fillings and credit cards. Interactivity refers to the service processes that require the presence and participation of the client. Some kinds of transformations may require the physical presence, such as transport from place to place, hairdressing, or providing some form of counseling. The service activities feature more intimate producer-consumer relationships than is usual for manufacturers, especially those providing mass-production goods due to numerous points of interaction with the service provider. 3.3 Achieving Effective Innovation Management System in Service Company According to Oke and Goffin (n.d.) point of view managing innovation in service companies is difficult due to the complex nature of service products, which are mostly intangible and involve close interaction with customers. Services suppliers must interact with customers to develop the service product itself. Therefore, innovation in service companies is not only about what is being offered but also about how it is being offered. Thus, the development of a new service is often more complex than that for a new manufactured product. Service companies think that service innovation management requires good performance in five areas described below: Innovation strategy. Management needs to develop a strategy, a vision and communicate the role of innovation within the company. Management needs to decide how to use technology in order to have performance improvements through the use of appropriate performance indicators. Creativity and Ideas Management. All employees should be involved in stimulating good ideas, which address customer requirements. Close contacts with customers should be cultivated. Portfolio Management. Once ideas have been generated, the best ones for implementation are selected through efficient means. Implementation. Once the best idea is selected, they are quickly turned into new products. Human Resource Management. Management should create a culture in which employees are motivated to contribute to innovation. Often companies fail in creating the reward and recognition mechanisms, which promote innovation thinking. CHAPTER IV INNOVATION AND BEST PRACTICES IN HEALTHCARE SECTOR The last topic discussed is related to the innovations occurring in the healthcare sector. It is chosen to discuss about healthcare sector as healthcare remains in the three biggest industries for RD spending. It is discussed after discussing the innovations in service sector, as healthcare is a subsector of service sector. The aim of this section is to identify the reasons that make the healthcare sector different from other sectors and what are the new methods of innovation applied by healthcare providers. This section aims to draw attention of the complexity of the health sector due to large-scale organizational entity, and huge staff numbers. Innovation in health sector is influenced by government policies, professional groupings, political and government policies, and the large range of stakeholder involved. Four service subsectors health, financial, education, and business servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ make intensive use of highly skilled workers. In health and financial services, highly skilled professionals apply specialized knowledge supported by semi-professionals and other staff to effect very different transformations. In health services, knowledge in areas such as biochemistry, physiology, pharmaceuticals, and surgery is applied to influence bodily well-being; information is exchanged with patients, communities, and other practitioners about which behaviors may further support this. In many countries, health services feature large-scale RD activities alongside more routine, testing-oriented laboratory work (Miles, 2008). 4.1 What Makes the Healthcare Sector Different? RÃÆ' ¸tnes and Staalesen (2009) in their study regarded user driven innovation in the healthcare sector suggest that this sector is different from other economic sectors. Innovators must know the field well in order to succeed. The following sections highlight distinctive features of the healthcare sector which innovators must be aware of during the innovation process and act in a way to prevent the process of innovation. 4.1.1 Big Sector, Complex Structure RÃÆ' ¸tnes and Staalesen (2009) identify healthcare system as very complex. The complexity of the sector itself complicates innovation, and the implementation of new solutions becomes a major management issue. The level of complexity means that health systems are very resilient to pressure, even where that pressure is for positive change. Its operation is based on a web of structures, processes and patterns where the relationship between cause and effect is often uncertain. In their point of view even the large number of people employed in the sector can be a barrier for innovation because effective communication and structure for knowledge management may be difficult. Also, the sector has several professional groupings with their own perspectives, beliefs and interests. Medical professions show resistance to undertake changes which may be risky to patients or others. There is a wide range of stakeholders in the healthcare sector which means that there is a strong requirement to consult and review planned changes with all of them. Healthcare sector is an extremely complex and large-scale organizational entity, composed of huge staff numbers, a large range of professional and semi-professional, and a diversity of organizational arrangements and service processes. Healthcare providers face difficulties in communicating the need for innovation and will militate against the successful dissemination of innovative ideas and practices (Koch and Hauknes, 2005). 4.1.2 Heritage and Legacy Healthcare sector organizations are prone to entrenched practices and procedures. The impact of innovation is often viewed as unwelcomed to the organization and new operational methodologies may be discouraged. These factors will militate against the inception of innovations and their dissemination (Koch and Hauknes, 2005). According to ÃÆ'–kem (2011) innovation is affected by government policies because they stimulate the innovation drivers in the health sectors. Decisions by public authorities to licence, authorize the market, set the prices and reimburse are crucial for the utilization of a new machine or treatment. The authorities that adapt and implement these policies and procedures shape decisions concerning the key innovation drivers in the healthcare sector, such as RD, investment and production. 4.1.3 Professional Resistance Health systems comprise a number of well-established professional groupings, with their own communities of practices and perspectives. A lack of dialogue between these different groupings, different medical professions may hinder innovation and its dissemination even if people in these groupings share similar professional status, for example, surgeons and anaesthetists (Koch and Hauknes, 2005). 4.1.4 Risk Aversion There exists particularly a strong inherited resistance in the medical professions to undertake or implement changes which may result in an increased probability of risk to the patients in their care or to the other recipients of their services. The health professions desire is to minimize the unforeseen consequences of new health interventions placed on the development of evidence-based medical and clinical practice over recent years. Moreover, innovations depend upon further changes across the entire system in which they are applied (Koch and Hauknes, 2005). 4.1.5 Public/Political Profile The healthcare sector has a professional and public duty focus to deliver the highest possible standards of care. As a result, health is a major political issue and the shortcomings of government health policies often form the focus of political, and media debate. Consequently, service managers and politicians try to avoid changes that may result in negative outcomes, particularly if there is the risk that these will attract media (Koch and Hauknes, 2005). 4.1.6 Need for Consultation and Unclear Outcomes There is a large range of stakeholder involved within the health sector. As a result, it is of great importance to consult and review any planned changes and modifications with all of stakeholders. But as the health system is complex, it is difficult to obtain a clear picture of all the eventual effects of these modifications (Koch and Hauknes, 2005). 4.2 Best Practiced Innovations in Healthcare Sector The demand for high quality services and treatment is increasing, as societies get more prosperous. Innovation is not only in medical treatment and equipment but also in processes and methods. Innovation is therefore necessary in order to provide the best care for all citizens in an effective way. At the intersecting point between new technology, new knowledge and increasing demands of services and effectiveness in the healthcare sector, there is a large potential for improving processes, methods, treatments and equipments (RÃÆ' ¸tnes and Staalesen, 2009). ÃÆ'–kem (2011) emphasizes that the end-user of innovation in health is the individual and technological advances directly affecting the human life and its quality. The ultimate product of the health sector is a healthy population. Innovative products and services boost the competiveness of innovating companies and enhance diagnostic and treatment procedures. As a result, RD and innovative capacity of the healthcare sector diffuses into other sectors with which it interacts. 4.2.1 Innovative Processes in Healthcare Sector Innovation in medical devices involves new production and application methods and procedures as well as products or the modification of existing ones. The innovation process is medical devices is incremental as their performance can be continually improved. The development process is initially connected with the practical use of a specific device. Medical devices require lead users to facilitate their effectiveness (ÃÆ'–kem, 2011). 4.2.1.1 Picture Archiving and Communication System PACS have been improved to provide storage, quick retrieval and access to images anytime. PACS eliminates the need to manually file, collect, or transport film jackets because all the electronic images and reports can be transmitted digitally. PACS delivers timely and efficient access to images, interpretations, and related data. PACS has advantage over the physical and time barriers associated with traditional film-based image retrieval, distribution, and display. The advantages of PACS are: Hard copy replacement. PACS have replaced hard-copy films resulting in space advantage over film archives. PACS have provided also a cost advantage by operating on digital storage. Remote access. Doctors in different locations may access the same information concurrently for teleradiology. Electronic image integration platform. PACS interfaces the radiology images with other medical automation systems such as Electronic Medical Record (EMR), Hospital Information System (HIS), Radiology Information System (RIS), and Practice Management Software. Radiology workflow management. PACS is used by radiology personnel to manage the workflow of patient examinations (Wikipedia, n.d.b). 4.2.1.2 Electronic Health Record EHR collects systematically the electronic health information about individual patients or populations. It is a record in digital format and records data such as demographics, medical history, medications used, allergies, immunization status, radiology images, laboratory test results, vital signs, personal status like age and weight, and billing information. All these data can be shared across different healthcare centers. Some of the main advantages of EHR systems identified include reducing medical errors, improving quality of care, conserving physician time, sharing patient information among healthcare practitioners, and workflow efficiency (Wikipedia, n.d.a). Thakkar and Davis (2006) suggests that the major barriers identified to adopt an EHR system are related to the technical issues, system interoperability, concerns about privacy and confidentiality, lack of health information data standards, lack of a well-trained clinician informatics workforce to lead the process, the number of vendors in the marketplace, and the transience of vendors. 4.2.2 Innovative Services in Healthcare Sector 4.2.2.1 E-Health DeLuca and Enmark (2000) have defined e-health as an electronic exchange of healthcare data or information across organizations. E-health is used to change the business and medical practices. Even though its form and structure continue to emerge, e-health is affecting every facet of health experience. Business, medical, social, and technological factors are converging to make achievable a wide-scale and continuum-based care functionally perhaps for the first time. The Internet clearly drives the development and adoption of e-health applications because it has the reach, the infrastructure, and the acceptance to achieve widespread change. 4.2.2.2 Google Health Google Health is a service provided from Google at no charge. Google believes that everyone should have easy access to their own health information anytime and anywhere. With a Google Health account, you can manage and share all of your health and wellness information in one central place. All you need is a username and password to get started. Features of Google health are: Manage your health information online. Google Health offers a single place to organize and store your health information online. It is possible to track your wellness metrics, gather and organize your medical records, or import your health data directly into your account from connected doctors, hospitals and retail pharmacies. Set personal health goals. With Google Health you can set your own personalized goals online and monitor them regularly. You can track your weight and blood pressure goals, your sleep patterns, your progress at the gym and you can also record how much you walk during the day. Track your progress. Create custom trackers for things you want to monitor daily like sleep, how much coffee you drink a day, or how many times you exercise a week. You can also take notes on how you are doing with a particular medical condition or a personal goal you set. Share your health information. People can better coordinate their care by sharing their health records, wellness goals and progress notes with their family members, friends and doctors. It is possible to stop sharing at any time and everyone can see who has accessed his/her own information. Personalize your health needs. It is possible to access different contents about health topics from trusted sources and Google search results (Google, n.d.). 4.2.2.3 MinuteClinic MinuteClinic deals with the treatment of common illnesses while adhering to the same principles as traditional healthcare centers. Healthcare comes with the top-quality care you might expect from your doctors office, urgent care center or emergency room. The innovations and safeguards used by MinuteClinic to ensure quality care include focused treatment, qualified clinicians, quality control and adherence to national clinical practice guidelines (MinuteClinic, n.d.a). Top-Quality Care at Minute Clinic Focused treatment. The approach to focused treatment means MinuteClinic concentrates on the common illnesses which they can help patients the most. When MinuteClinic cant help, they refer patients to the healthcare center that can best address their concerns. Qualified clinicians. Top-quality healthcare depends on clinicians that are thoughtful, caring and, above all, qualified. To ensure it delivers top-quality healthcare, MinuteClinic hires only the most qualified clinicians, possessing the licenses, certifications and clinical experience that ensure effective treatment of common illnesses. Quality control. Top-quality healthcare depends on strict quality control. And, at the heart of MinuteClinics quality control is the Electronic Medical Records to ensure that procedures are followed consistently. It guards against mistakes and alerts practitioners when a condition should be referred elsewhere. There is no secret behind MinuteClinics better approach to diagnosing and treating common illnesses: Quick. Visits about 15-minutes and no appointment needed. Affordable. Most insurance plans are accepted; cash, checks and credit cards are also welcomed. Convenient. It is opened 7 days a week, and located inside CVS/pharmacy stores. The ability to put together all these simple pieces results in top-quality healthcare and high customer satisfaction which guides MinuteClinic toward achieving the goal of providing a quick, affordable and convenient healthcare (MinuteClinic, n.d.b). CONCLUSION Change is the natural order of things in todays global environment. Organizations need to build in change as well as stability, to facilitate innovation as well as efficiency. Pervasive change has become the norm as organizations and individuals to adapt to rapid and often unexpected change to survive and prosper. Most change in organizations is incremental, but there is a growing emphasis on the need for radical change. Four types of changes; technology, products and services, strategy and structure, and culture, may give an organization a competitive edge, and managers can make certain each of the necessary ingredients got change is present. People seek change that is favourable and resist change perceived as harmful or ambiguous. They make cost and benefit assessments of potential changes, which influence their degree of acceptance or resistance. To be skilled at managing change, managers and other change agents begin by identifying performance gaps and the targets of their change efforts. They must understand both the content and process of change and how their efforts affect their organizational system. Healthcare Outcomes The healthcare sector is constantly growing and is not as much negatively affected by the adverse changes in the global economy in relation to other serctors. However, since it is subject to several regulations, difficulties arise in assessing the processes/services which may provide innovation in this particular sector. Another aspect that provides difficulties in innovation in the health sector is the human factor. The professionals must be able to be open to this opportunity and be able to spread the enthusiasm throughout the hierarchical levels of the health sector. They must be able to encourage other employees to embrace innovation as a means of providing for better profits and improvements to their service, despite the intital costs included. Furthermore, the resistance to change, a typical human response to new methods which interfere with their routine, is a barrier to innovation. Innovation needs to be the result of a shift in the human force working culture. If a company in the health sector can succeed in developing a positive attitute towards innovation through to its employees, this will give them a competitive advantage over their competitors. Since so many companies have yet not grasped the full concept of innovation, or yet, how to reap benefits from this whole process, a firm which includes innovation in its working practices will pave its way for a major success. The company is also advised to follow the most well-known practices globally, as explained above, in order to build up innovation. On a person analysis, the project has contributed to my much more increased awareness towards innovation. Furthermore, the research, the proposed strategies and the reviewed literature have helped me understand the significance of the presence of innovation in the service sector.